What Is a ii–V–I in Jazz? (Simple Explanation for Beginners)
Have you ever heard jazz musicians reference the ii-V-I, but not sure what it meant? Why is it so important in jazz? What is ii V I in jazz?
The ii-V-I is one of the most common chord progressions in jazz, similar to the I-V-vi-IV in pop music. Once you learn this chord progression, you will start to recognize it across all different types of music, including jazz standards and pop tunes. Just like the I-V-vi-IV, once you internalize its sound, it will become easier to learn new tunes and improvise in jazz. This is why it’s so important - it just happens to be the foundation of much of the jazz standards canon.
What Does ii-V-I Mean?
The ii-V-I refers to a chord progression based off of scale degrees. We use roman numerals in jazz, and the lower case indicates minor while the upper case indicates major. The numbers are based off the scale degrees of the home key, or tonic.
For example, in the key of C, the C major scale is C D E F G A B C.
The “two chord,” written with a roman numeral ii, is built off the second scale degree, D.
The “five chord,” written with a roman numeral V, is built off of the fifth scale degree, G.
The “one chord,” written with a roman numeral I, is built off of the first scale degree, or C.
Always count the first note in the scale when you count up.
In another example, in the key of F, the F major scale is F G A Bb C D E F.
The “two chord” is built off of the second scale degree, or G.
The “five chord” is built off of the fifth scale degree, or C.
The “one chord” is built off of the first scale degree, or F.
In jazz these chords almost always include sevenths.
Why ii-V-I Matters for Improvisation
Here is a simplification most beginners miss:
Over a major ii-V-I, all of the chord tones come from ONE scale.
That means you can often use the parent major scale over both the ii and V chords when you improvise.
This single idea dramatically reduces confusion and helps improvisation feel organized with intent.
Where to go Next
Once you understand the ii-V-I:
You will recognize the pattern in chord progressions
You’ll know which scale fits immediately
Your solos will feel more intentional
Want to learn more?
I created a video to explain all of this, linked up in this blog post.
How do I apply this in context?
Please watch my Honeysuckle Rose, Part 1 tutorial, which applies the ii V I concept to a standard jazz tune, linked up below.
👉 Ready to build your practice plan? Watch the video now.
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